Matching Models

Matching models are essential components in recommendation systems, used to quickly retrieve candidate sets relevant to users from massive item catalogs. Torch-RecHub provides various advanced matching models covering different retrieval strategies and modeling approaches.

1. DSSM

Description

DSSM (Deep Structured Semantic Models) is a classic two-tower retrieval model that maps users and items to the same vector space and computes vector similarity for retrieval.

Paper Reference

Huang, Po-Sen, et al. "Learning deep structured semantic models for web search using clickthrough data." Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 2013.

Core Principles

Two-tower Structure: Contains separate neural networks for user tower and item tower
Feature Embedding: Maps user and item features to low-dimensional vector space
Similarity Computation: Uses cosine similarity or dot product to compute user-item similarity
Negative Sampling: Trains model through negative sampling to optimize ranking performance

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import DSSM
from torch_rechub.basic.features import SparseFeature, DenseFeature

user_features = [
    SparseFeature(name="user_id", vocab_size=10000, embed_dim=32),
    DenseFeature(name="age", embed_dim=1)
]

item_features = [
    SparseFeature(name="item_id", vocab_size=100000, embed_dim=32),
    SparseFeature(name="category", vocab_size=1000, embed_dim=16)
]

model = DSSM(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    temperature=0.02,
    user_params={"dims": [256, 128, 64], "dropout": 0.2, "activation": "prelu"},
    item_params={"dims": [256, 128, 64], "dropout": 0.2, "activation": "prelu"}
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
temperature	float	Temperature parameter for similarity distribution	0.02
user_params	dict	User tower network parameters	None
item_params	dict	Item tower network parameters	None

Use Cases

Text matching scenarios
Large-scale recommendation systems
Cold start problems

2. FaceBookDSSM

Description

FaceBookDSSM is a DSSM variant proposed by Facebook, using different network structures and loss functions to further improve retrieval performance.

Core Principles

Two-tower Structure: Inherits DSSM's two-tower structure
Deep Network: Uses deeper network structure for improved expressiveness
Improved Loss Function: Uses improved loss function for better training
Feature Engineering: Emphasizes feature engineering, supports multiple feature types

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import FaceBookDSSM

model = FaceBookDSSM(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    user_params={"dims": [512, 256, 128], "dropout": 0.3, "activation": "relu"},
    item_params={"dims": [512, 256, 128], "dropout": 0.3, "activation": "relu"}
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
user_params	dict	User tower network parameters	None
item_params	dict	Item tower network parameters	None

Use Cases

Large-scale recommendation systems
Ad retrieval
Content recommendation

3. YoutubeDNN

Description

YoutubeDNN is a deep retrieval model proposed by YouTube, predicting the next video to watch based on user historical behavior sequences.

Paper Reference

Covington, Paul, Jay Adams, and Emre Sargin. "Deep neural networks for youtube recommendations." Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on recommender systems. 2016.

Core Principles

Sequence Modeling: Uses deep neural networks to model user historical behavior sequences
Negative Sampling: Uses negative sampling technique for training efficiency
Two-tower Structure: Contains user and item towers, supports offline item embedding precomputation
Multi-objective Optimization: Simultaneously optimizes multiple objectives like CTR and watch time

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import YoutubeDNN
from torch_rechub.basic.features import SequenceFeature

user_features = [
    SequenceFeature(name="user_history", vocab_size=100000, embed_dim=32, pooling="mean"),
    SparseFeature(name="user_id", vocab_size=10000, embed_dim=16)
]

item_features = [
    SparseFeature(name="item_id", vocab_size=100000, embed_dim=32),
    SparseFeature(name="category", vocab_size=1000, embed_dim=16)
]

model = YoutubeDNN(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    user_params={"dims": [256, 128, 64], "dropout": 0.2, "activation": "relu"},
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
user_params	dict	User tower network parameters	None
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Video recommendation
Music recommendation
Content recommendation
History-based recommendation

4. YoutubeSBC

Description

YoutubeSBC (Sample Bias Correction) is an improved deep retrieval model proposed by YouTube that addresses sampling bias issues.

Paper Reference

Wu, Liang, et al. "RecSys 2019 tutorial: Deep learning for recommendations." Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. 2019.

Core Principles

Sample Bias Correction: Introduces sampling bias correction mechanism for better generalization
Two-tower Structure: Inherits YoutubeDNN's two-tower structure
Improved Training: Uses improved training methods for better performance

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import YoutubeSBC

model = YoutubeSBC(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    user_params={"dims": [256, 128, 64], "dropout": 0.2, "activation": "relu"},
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
user_params	dict	User tower network parameters	None
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Large-scale recommendation systems
Scenarios with severe sampling bias
Content recommendation

5. MIND

Description

MIND (Multi-Interest Network with Dynamic Routing) is a multi-interest retrieval model that learns multiple interest representations for each user.

Paper Reference

Chen, Jiaxi, et al. "Multi-interest network with dynamic routing for recommendation at Tmall." Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 2019.

Core Principles

Multi-interest Modeling: Learns multiple interest vectors for each user
Dynamic Routing: Uses capsule network's dynamic routing mechanism to adaptively aggregate user interests
Interest Evolution: Captures dynamic changes in user interests
Two-tower Structure: Supports offline item embedding precomputation

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import MIND

user_features = [
    SequenceFeature(name="user_history", vocab_size=100000, embed_dim=32, pooling=None),
    SparseFeature(name="user_id", vocab_size=10000, embed_dim=16)
]

model = MIND(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    user_params={"dims": [256, 128], "dropout": 0.2, "activation": "relu"},
    n_items=100000,
    n_interest=4,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
user_params	dict	User tower network parameters	None
n_items	int	Total number of items	None
n_interest	int	Number of interests to learn	4
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Diverse user interests scenarios
E-commerce recommendation
Content recommendation

6. GRU4Rec

Description

GRU4Rec is a GRU-based sequential recommendation model that captures dynamic dependencies in user behavior sequences.

Paper Reference

Hidasi, Balázs, et al. "Session-based recommendations with recurrent neural networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06939 (2015).

Core Principles

GRU Sequence Modeling: Uses GRU to capture dynamic changes in user behavior sequences
Session Recommendation: Focuses on within-session recommendation without requiring user history
Negative Sampling: Uses negative sampling for training efficiency
BPR Loss: Uses BPR loss function for ranking optimization

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import GRU4Rec

user_features = [
    SequenceFeature(name="user_history", vocab_size=100000, embed_dim=32, pooling=None)
]

model = GRU4Rec(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    hidden_size=64,
    num_layers=2,
    dropout=0.2,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
hidden_size	int	GRU hidden layer size	64
num_layers	int	Number of GRU layers	2
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Session recommendation
Short sequence recommendation
E-commerce scenarios

7. NARM

Description

NARM (Neural Attentive Session-based Recommendation) is an attention-based session recommendation model that captures both local and global interests within sessions.

Paper Reference

Li, Jing, et al. "Neural attentive session-based recommendation." Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. 2017.

Core Principles

GRU Sequence Modeling: Uses GRU to capture sequence dependencies within sessions
Attention Mechanism: Introduces attention to capture local interests within sessions
Global Representation: Learns global session representation, combining local and global interests
Session Recommendation: Focuses on within-session recommendation

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import NARM

model = NARM(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    hidden_size=64,
    num_layers=1,
    dropout=0.2,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
hidden_size	int	GRU hidden layer size	64
num_layers	int	Number of GRU layers	1
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Session recommendation
Short sequence recommendation
Local and global interest modeling

8. SASRec

Description

SASRec (Self-Attentive Sequential Recommendation) is a self-attention based sequential recommendation model that captures long-range dependencies in user behavior sequences.

Paper Reference

Kang, Wang-Cheng, and Julian McAuley. "Self-attentive sequential recommendation." 2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). IEEE, 2018.

Core Principles

Self-attention Mechanism: Uses multi-head self-attention to capture long-range dependencies
Positional Encoding: Adds positional information to preserve sequence order
Layer Normalization: Accelerates convergence and improves training stability
Residual Connection: Enhances model expressiveness

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import SASRec

model = SASRec(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    num_heads=4,
    num_layers=2,
    hidden_size=128,
    dropout=0.2,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
num_heads	int	Number of attention heads	4
num_layers	int	Number of Transformer layers	2
hidden_size	int	Hidden layer size	128
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Long sequence recommendation
Scenarios where user behavior sequences are important
Sequential recommendation tasks

9. SINE

Description

SINE (Sparse Interest Network for Sequential Recommendation) is a sparse interest network that effectively models users' sparse interests.

Paper Reference

Chen, Jiaxi, et al. "SINE: A sparse interest network for sequential recommendation." Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems. 2021.

Core Principles

Sparse Interest Modeling: Specifically handles sparse user interest problems
Dynamic Routing: Uses dynamic routing mechanism to adaptively aggregate user interests
Interest Evolution: Captures dynamic changes in user interests
Efficient Computation: Optimized for computational efficiency, suitable for large-scale data

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import SINE

model = SINE(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    num_heads=4,
    num_layers=2,
    hidden_size=128,
    dropout=0.2,
    n_interest=4,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
num_heads	int	Number of attention heads	4
num_layers	int	Number of Transformer layers	2
hidden_size	int	Hidden layer size	128
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
n_interest	int	Number of interests	4
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Scenarios with sparse user interests
Large-scale recommendation systems
E-commerce recommendation

10. STAMP

Description

STAMP (Short-Term Attention/Memory Priority Model) is an attention-based session recommendation model that focuses on modeling recent user behavior.

Paper Reference

Liu, Qiao, et al. "STAMP: short-term attention/memory priority model for session-based recommendation." Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining. 2018.

Core Principles

Short-term Attention: Focuses on recent user behavior, giving higher weight to recent actions
Memory Module: Maintains a memory vector to capture global session information
Session Recommendation: Focuses on within-session recommendation
Simple and Efficient: Simple model structure with high computational efficiency

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import STAMP

model = STAMP(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    hidden_size=128,
    dropout=0.2,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
hidden_size	int	Hidden layer size	128
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Session recommendation
Short-term interest modeling
E-commerce scenarios

11. ComirecDR

Description

ComirecDR (Controllable Multi-Interest Recommendation with Dynamic Routing) is a controllable multi-interest recommendation model that allows controlling the number of generated interests.

Paper Reference

Chen, Jiaxi, et al. "Controllable multi-interest framework for recommendation." Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining. 2020.

Core Principles

Controllable Multi-Interest: Allows controlling the number of generated interests
Dynamic Routing: Uses dynamic routing mechanism to adaptively aggregate user interests
Two-tower Structure: Supports offline item embedding precomputation
Efficient Computation: Optimized for computational efficiency, suitable for large-scale data

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import ComirecDR

model = ComirecDR(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    hidden_size=128,
    num_layers=2,
    n_interest=4,
    dropout=0.2,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
hidden_size	int	Hidden layer size	128
num_layers	int	Number of layers	2
n_interest	int	Number of interests	4
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Controllable multi-interest recommendation
Scenarios with diverse user interests
Large-scale recommendation systems

12. ComirecSA

Description

ComirecSA (Controllable Multi-Interest Recommendation with Self-Attention) is the self-attention version of Comirec, using self-attention mechanism to model user interests.

Core Principles

Self-attention Mechanism: Uses self-attention to capture dependencies in user behavior sequences
Controllable Multi-Interest: Allows controlling the number of generated interests
Two-tower Structure: Supports offline item embedding precomputation
Efficient Computation: Optimized for computational efficiency, suitable for large-scale data

Usage

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import ComirecSA

model = ComirecSA(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    embedding_dim=32,
    num_heads=4,
    num_layers=2,
    hidden_size=128,
    n_interest=4,
    dropout=0.2,
    temperature=0.02
)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
user_features	list	User feature list	None
item_features	list	Item feature list	None
embedding_dim	int	Embedding dimension	32
num_heads	int	Number of attention heads	4
num_layers	int	Number of Transformer layers	2
hidden_size	int	Hidden layer size	128
n_interest	int	Number of interests	4
dropout	float	Dropout rate	0.2
temperature	float	Temperature parameter	0.02

Use Cases

Controllable multi-interest recommendation
Long sequence interest modeling
Large-scale recommendation systems

13. Model Comparison

Model	Complexity	Expressiveness	Efficiency	Use Cases
DSSM	Low	Medium	High	Text matching, cold start
FaceBookDSSM	Medium	High	Medium	Large-scale recommendation, ad retrieval
YoutubeDNN	Medium	High	Medium	Video recommendation, content recommendation
YoutubeSBC	Medium	High	Medium	Large-scale recommendation, sampling bias scenarios
MIND	Medium	High	Medium	Multi-interest recommendation, e-commerce
GRU4Rec	Medium	Medium	High	Session recommendation, short sequence
NARM	Medium	Medium	Medium	Session recommendation, local/global interests
SASRec	High	High	Low	Long sequence recommendation, sequential recommendation
SINE	High	High	Medium	Sparse interest modeling, large-scale recommendation
STAMP	Low	Medium	High	Session recommendation, short-term interests
ComirecDR	Medium	High	Medium	Controllable multi-interest, large-scale recommendation
ComirecSA	High	High	Medium	Controllable multi-interest, long sequence recommendation

14. Usage Recommendations

Choose models based on data characteristics:
- For long sequence data, use SASRec, ComirecSA
- For session data, use GRU4Rec, NARM, STAMP
- For multi-interest scenarios, use MIND, ComirecDR, ComirecSA
Choose models based on computational resources:
- With limited resources, use DSSM, GRU4Rec, STAMP
- With sufficient resources, try more complex models like SASRec, SINE
Consider business requirements:
- For controllable multi-interest, use ComirecDR, ComirecSA
- For sparse interest handling, use SINE
- For sampling bias correction, use YoutubeSBC
Try combining multiple retrieval strategies:
- Different models may capture different user interests; model fusion can improve overall retrieval performance
- Combine content-based retrieval, collaborative filtering, and other strategies

15. Complete Training Example

python

from torch_rechub.models.matching import DSSM
from torch_rechub.trainers import MatchTrainer
from torch_rechub.utils.data import MatchDataGenerator
from torch_rechub.basic.features import SparseFeature, DenseFeature

# 1. Define features
user_features = [
    SparseFeature(name="user_id", vocab_size=10000, embed_dim=32),
    DenseFeature(name="age", embed_dim=1),
    SparseFeature(name="gender", vocab_size=3, embed_dim=8)
]

item_features = [
    SparseFeature(name="item_id", vocab_size=100000, embed_dim=32),
    SparseFeature(name="category", vocab_size=1000, embed_dim=16)
]

# 2. Prepare data
# Assume x and y are preprocessed feature and label data
# x contains user features and item features
x = {
    "user_id": user_id_data,
    "age": age_data,
    "gender": gender_data,
    "item_id": item_id_data,
    "category": category_data
}
y = label_data  # click/no-click labels

# Test user data and all item data
x_test_user = {
    "user_id": test_user_id_data,
    "age": test_age_data,
    "gender": test_gender_data
}
x_all_item = {
    "item_id": all_item_id_data,
    "category": all_item_category_data
}

# 3. Create data generator
dg = MatchDataGenerator(x, y)
train_dl, test_dl, item_dl = dg.generate_dataloader(
    x_test_user=x_test_user,
    x_all_item=x_all_item,
    batch_size=256,
    num_workers=8
)

# 4. Create model
model = DSSM(
    user_features=user_features,
    item_features=item_features,
    temperature=0.02,
    user_params={"dims": [256, 128, 64], "activation": "prelu"},
    item_params={"dims": [256, 128, 64], "activation": "prelu"}
)

# 5. Create trainer
trainer = MatchTrainer(
    model=model,
    mode=0,  # 0: point-wise, 1: pair-wise, 2: list-wise
    optimizer_params={"lr": 0.001, "weight_decay": 0.0001},
    n_epoch=50,
    earlystop_patience=10,
    device="cuda:0",
    model_path="saved/dssm"
)

# 6. Train model
trainer.fit(train_dl, test_dl)

# 7. Export ONNX model
# Export user tower
trainer.export_onnx("user_tower.onnx", mode="user")
# Export item tower
trainer.export_onnx("item_tower.onnx", mode="item")

# 8. Vector retrieval example
# Generate user embeddings
user_embeddings = trainer.inference_embedding(
    model, mode="user", data_loader=test_dl, model_path="saved/dssm"
)
# Generate item embeddings
item_embeddings = trainer.inference_embedding(
    model, mode="item", data_loader=item_dl, model_path="saved/dssm"
)

# Use Annoy or Faiss for vector indexing and retrieval
# Here's an example using Annoy
from annoy import AnnoyIndex

# Create index
index = AnnoyIndex(64, 'angular')  # 64 is the embedding dimension
for i, embedding in enumerate(item_embeddings):
    index.add_item(i, embedding.tolist())
index.build(10)  # 10 trees

# Retrieval example
user_idx = 0
user_emb = user_embeddings[user_idx].tolist()
recall_results = index.get_nns_by_vector(user_emb, 10)  # Retrieve top 10 items
print(f"User {user_idx} retrieved items: {recall_results}")

16. FAQ

Q: How to handle large-scale item sets?

A: Try the following approaches:

Use two-tower structure to support offline item embedding precomputation
Use approximate nearest neighbor search libraries (e.g., Annoy, Faiss) to accelerate vector retrieval
Adopt hierarchical retrieval strategy: coarse retrieval first, then fine retrieval

Q: How to handle cold start problems?

A: Try the following approaches:

For new users, use content-based retrieval
For new items, use collaborative filtering or content-based retrieval
Use transfer learning to transfer knowledge from related domains

Q: How to evaluate matching model performance?

A: Common retrieval evaluation metrics include:

Recall@K: Proportion of relevant items in top K results
Precision@K: Proportion of relevant items in top K results
NDCG@K: Retrieval quality considering ranking
Hit@K: Whether at least one relevant item is retrieved
MRR@K: Mean Reciprocal Rank

Q: How to choose the right negative sampling strategy?

A: Common negative sampling strategies include:

Random negative sampling: Simple and efficient, but may sample irrelevant items
Popularity-based negative sampling: Samples based on item popularity, more realistic
Hard negative sampling: Samples negatives similar to positives, improves model discrimination
Contrastive learning negative sampling: Methods like MoCo, SimCLR

Q: How to optimize matching model performance?

A: Try the following approaches:

Increase model depth and width to improve expressiveness
Use more advanced feature engineering
Optimize negative sampling strategy
Try model fusion
Adjust temperature parameter to optimize similarity distribution

17. Deployment Suggestions

Offline Precomputation: For two-tower models, precompute item embeddings offline to reduce online computation
Vector Indexing: Use efficient vector indexing libraries (e.g., Faiss) to store item embeddings and accelerate online retrieval
Hierarchical Deployment: Adopt hierarchical retrieval architecture - coarse retrieval with simple models first, then fine retrieval with complex models
Caching Mechanism: Cache retrieval results for high-frequency users to reduce redundant computation
Real-time Updates: Periodically update item embeddings to ensure retrieval result freshness
A/B Testing: Validate different retrieval strategies through A/B testing

Matching models are essential components of recommendation systems. Choosing the right matching model and optimizing it can significantly improve overall recommendation performance. Torch-RecHub provides a rich set of matching models covering different retrieval strategies, making it easy for developers to select and use based on business requirements.

Matching Models ​

1. DSSM ​

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2. FaceBookDSSM ​

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3. YoutubeDNN ​

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4. YoutubeSBC ​

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5. MIND ​

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6. GRU4Rec ​

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7. NARM ​

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8. SASRec ​

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9. SINE ​

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10. STAMP ​

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11. ComirecDR ​

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12. ComirecSA ​

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Matching Models

1. DSSM

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2. FaceBookDSSM

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3. YoutubeDNN

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4. YoutubeSBC

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5. MIND

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6. GRU4Rec

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7. NARM

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8. SASRec

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9. SINE

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10. STAMP

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11. ComirecDR

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12. ComirecSA

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